Qemu 013 0 windows zip

QEMU for Android 0.13

※ Download: Qemu 013 0 windows zip

When specifying the object, the dir parameters specifies which directory contains the credential files. Security model is mandatory only for local fsdriver. Note that file names can include newlines, thus it is not safe to parse this output format in scripts.

This provides the ID of a previously created secret object containing the password for decryption. For the top level, an explicit node name must be specified. After using this command to grow a disk image, you must use file system and partitioning tools inside the VM to actually begin using the new space on the device. The generated node name is not intended to be predictable and changes between QEMU invocations.

In this mode, QEMU emulates a full system for example a PC , including one or several processors and various peripherals. It can be used to launch different Operating Systems without rebooting the PC or to debug system code. In this mode, QEMU can launch processes compiled for one CPU on another CPU. It can be used to launch the Wine Windows API emulator or to ease cross-compilation and cross-debugging. It uses dynamic translation to native code for reasonable speed, with support for self-modifying code and precise exceptions. The accelerators execute most of the guest code natively, while continuing to emulate the rest of the machine. Host device passthrough can be used for talking to external physical peripherals e. Currently, an in-kernel accelerator is required to use more than one host CPU for emulation. SMP is supported with up to 255 CPUs. QEMU uses YM3812 emulation by Tatsuyuki Satoh. Note that, by default, GUS shares IRQ 7 with parallel ports and so QEMU must be told to not have parallel ports to have working GUS. Some targets do not need a disk image. Use -machine help to list available machines. For architectures which aim to support live migration compatibility across releases, each release will introduce a new versioned machine type. For example, the 2. To allow live migration of guests from QEMU version 2. To allow users live migrating VMs to skip multiple intermediate releases when upgrading, new releases of QEMU will support machine types from many previous versions. Depending on the target architecture, kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to initialize. The default is on. This feature, when supported by the host, de-duplicates identical memory pages among VMs instances enabled by default. This feature controls whether AES wrapping keys will be created to allow execution of AES cryptographic functions. The default is on. This feature controls whether DEA wrapping keys will be created to allow execution of DEA cryptographic functions. The default is on. The default is off. The default is off. NOTE: This property is deprecated and will be removed in future releases. Instead of squashing subchannels into the default channel subsystem image for guests that do not support multiple channel subsystems, all devices can be put into the default channel subsystem image. NOTE: this parameter is deprecated. Please use -global migration. The default is none. Depending on the target architecture, kvm, xen, hax, hvf, whpx or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is used. If there is more than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to initialize. When the TCG is multi-threaded there will be one thread per vCPU therefor taking advantage of additional host cores. The default is to enable multi-threading where both the back-end and front-ends support it and no incompatible TCG features have been enabled e. On the PC target, up to 255 CPUs are supported. On Sparc32 target, Linux limits the number of usable CPUs to 4. For the PC target, the number of cores per socket, the number of threads per cores and the total number of sockets can be specified. Missing values will be computed. If any on the three values is given, the total number of CPUs n can be omitted. Set the NUMA distance from a source node to a destination node. The distance from a node to itself is always 10. If any pair of nodes is given a distance, then all pairs must be given distances. Although, when distances are only given in one direction for each pair of nodes, then the distances in the opposite directions are assumed to be the same. If, however, an asymmetrical pair of distances is given for even one node pair, then all node pairs must be provided distance values for both directions, even when they are symmetrical. This means that one still has to use the -m, -smp options to allocate RAM and VCPUs respectively. The file descriptor cannot be stdin, stdout, or stderr. You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set: qemu-system-i386 -global ide-hd. To create a device which is not created automatically and set properties on it, use - device. The longhand syntax works even when driver contains a dot. Valid drive letters depend on the target architecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b floppy 1 and 2 , c first hard disk , d first CD-ROM , n-p Etherboot from network adapter 1-4 , hard disk boot is the default. To apply a particular boot order only on the first startup, specify it via once. Note that the order or once parameter should not be used together with the bootindex property of devices, since the firmware implementations normally do not support both at the same time. The default is non-interactive boot. Currently Seabios for X86 system support it. The resolution should be supported by the SVGA mode, so the recommended is 320x240, 640x480, 800x640. Currently Seabios for X86 system support it. This only effects when boot priority is changed by bootindex options. The default is non-strict boot. Default is 128 MiB. Optional pair slots, maxmem could be used to set amount of hotpluggable memory slots and maximum amount of memory. Note that maxmem must be aligned to the page size. This option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC keycodes e. This option is deprecated, use --device virtio-balloon instead. Valid properties depend on the driver. To get help on possible drivers and properties, use -device help and -device driver,help. This is a simulation of a hardware management interface processor that normally sits on a system. It provides a watchdog and the ability to reset and power control the system. You need to connect this to an IPMI interface to make it useful The IPMI slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. The default is 0x20. The default is none. The default is 1024. The default is none. Instead of locally emulating the BMC like the above item, instead connect to an external entity that provides the IPMI services. A connection is made to an external BMC simulator. Note that if this is not used carefully, it can be a security issue, as the interface has the ability to send resets, NMIs, and power off the VM. This also adds a corresponding ACPI and SMBIOS entries, if appropriate. The default is 0xca0 for KCS. The default is 5. To disable interrupts, set this to 0. The default port is 0xe4 and the default interrupt is 5. This name will be displayed in the SDL window caption. The name will also be used for the VNC server. Also optionally set the top visible process name in Linux. Naming of individual threads can also be enabled on Linux to aid debugging. Some of the options apply to all block drivers, other options are only accepted for a specific block driver. See below for a list of generic options and options for the most common block drivers. Options that expect a reference to another node e. A block driver node created with -blockdev can be used for a guest device by specifying its node name for the drive property in a -device argument that defines a block device. Valid options for any block driver node: driver Specifies the block driver to use for the given node. The name must be unique, i. If no node name is specified, it is automatically generated. The generated node name is not intended to be predictable and changes between QEMU invocations. For the top level, an explicit node name must be specified. Guest write attempts will fail. QEMU may still perform an internal copy of the data. This option tells QEMU that it never needs to write any data to the disk but can instead keep things in cache. If anything goes wrong, like your host losing power, the disk storage getting disconnected accidentally, etc. Some machine types may not support discard requests. Driver-specific options for file This is the protocol-level block driver for accessing regular files. The default is to use the Linux Open File Descriptor API if available, otherwise no lock is applied. It is usually stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as file. It is allowed to pass null here in order to disable the default backing file. The interval is in seconds. The default value is 0 and it disables this feature. For details or finer granularity control refer to the QAPI documentation of blockdev-add. This includes creating a block driver node the backend as well as a guest device, and is mostly a shortcut for defining the corresponding -blockdev and -device options. Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using protocol specific URLs. Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy, pflash, virtio, none. These parameters are deprecated, use the corresponding parameters of -device instead. This is a shortcut that sets the cache. This parameter is deprecated, use the corresponding parameter of -device instead. This parameter is deprecated, use the corresponding parameter of -device instead. Small values can lead to timeouts or hangs inside the guest. Use this option to prevent guests from circumventing iops limits by sending fewer but larger requests. All drives that are members of the same group are accounted for together. Use this option to prevent guests from circumventing throttling limits by using many small disks instead of a single larger disk. By default, the cache. It will report data writes as completed as soon as the data is present in the host page cache. This is safe as long as your guest OS makes sure to correctly flush disk caches where needed. If your guest OS does not handle volatile disk write caches correctly and your host crashes or loses power, then the guest may experience data corruption. For such guests, you should consider using cache. This means that the host page cache will be used to read and write data, but write notification will be sent to the guest only after QEMU has made sure to flush each write to the disk. Be aware that this has a major impact on performance. When using the -snapshot option, unsafe caching is always used. Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors repeatedly and is useful when the backing file is over a slow network. By default copy-on-read is off. Instead of -cdrom you can use: qemu-system-i386 -hda a -hdb b -mtdblock file Use file as on-board Flash memory image. In this case, the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however force the write back by pressing C-a s see. Valid options are: fsdriver This option specifies the fs driver backend to use. Files under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. Directories exported by this security model cannot interact with other unix tools. Security model is mandatory only for local fsdriver. This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been reported as written by the storage subsystem. By default read-write access is given. Files under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. Directories exported by this security model cannot interact with other unix tools. Security model is mandatory only for local fsdriver. This means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been reported as written by the storage subsystem. By default read-write access is given. Note that this option is deprecated, please use -device usb-... This means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having to grab the mouse. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real or fake device. Valid values for type are sdl Display video output via SDL usually in a separate graphics window; see the SDL documentation for other possibilities. Nothing is displayed when the graphics device is in graphical mode or if the graphics device does not support a text mode. Generally only the VGA device models support text mode. The guest will still see an emulated graphics card, but its output will not be displayed to the QEMU user. This option differs from the -nographic option in that it only affects what is done with video output; -nographic also changes the destination of the serial and parallel port data. This interface provides drop-down menus and other UI elements to configure and control the VM during runtime. With this option, you can totally disable graphical output so that QEMU is a simple command line application. The emulated serial port is redirected on the console and muxed with the monitor unless redirected elsewhere explicitly. Therefore, you can still use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel with a serial console. Use C-a h for help on switching between the console and monitor. Nothing is displayed in graphical mode. This makes the using QEMU in a dedicated desktop workspace more convenient. Note that this also affects the special keys for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc. Note that this also affects the special keys for fullscreen, monitor-mode switching, etc. Default is any address. This ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication credentials. The options can be specified multiple times to configure multiple channels. If not specified, it will pick the first available. Valid values for type are cirrus Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting from Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For optimal performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS. This card was the default before QEMU 2. If your guest OS supports the VESA 2. This card is the default since QEMU 2. It is VGA compatible including VESA 2. Works best with qxl guest drivers installed though. Recommended choice when using the spice protocol. This is the default framebuffer for sun4m machines and offers both 8-bit and 24-bit colour depths at a fixed resolution of 1024x768. This is a simple 8-bit framebuffer for sun4m machines available in both 1024x768 OpenBIOS and 1152x900 OBP resolutions aimed at people wishing to run older Solaris versions. With this option, you can have QEMU listen on VNC display display and redirect the VGA display over the VNC session. It is very useful to enable the usb tablet device when using this option option -device usb-tablet. When using the VNC display, you must use the -k parameter to set the keyboard layout if you are not using en-us. By convention the TCP port is 5900+ d. Optionally, host can be omitted in which case the server will accept connections from any host. The monitor change command can be used to later start the VNC server. Following the display value there may be one or more option flags separated by commas. The client is specified by the display. For reverse network connections host: d, reverse , the d argument is a TCP port number, not a display number. If a bare websocket option is given, the Websocket port is 5700+ display. If host is specified connections will only be allowed from this host. If no TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection runs in unencrypted mode. If TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection requires encrypted client connections. They will apply to both the normal VNC server socket and the websocket socket if enabled. Setting TLS credentials will cause the VNC server socket to enable the VeNCrypt auth mechanism. The credentials should have been previously created using the -object tls-creds argument. The tls-creds parameter obsoletes the tls, x509, and x509verify options, and as such it is not permitted to set both new and old type options at the same time. This uses anonymous TLS credentials so is susceptible to a man-in-the-middle attack. It is recommended that this option be combined with either the x509 or x509verify options. This option is now deprecated in favor of using the tls-creds argument. Require that x509 credentials are used for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate to the client. It is recommended that a password be set on the VNC server to provide authentication of the client when this is used. The path following this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to be loaded from. See the section for details on generating certificates. This option is now deprecated in favour of using the tls-creds argument. Require that x509 credentials are used for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509 certificate to the client, and request that the client send its own x509 certificate. If the certificate authority is trusted, this is a sufficient authentication mechanism. You may still wish to set a password on the VNC server as a second authentication layer. The path following this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to be loaded from. See the section for details on generating certificates. This option is now deprecated in favour of using the tls-creds argument. This ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of authentication credentials. See the section for details on using SASL authentication. For SASL party, the ACL check is made against the username, which depending on the SASL plugin, may include a realm component, eg bob or bob EXAMPLE. When the acl flag is set, the initial access list will be empty, with a deny policy. Thus no one will be allowed to use the VNC server until the ACLs have been loaded. This can be achieved using the acl monitor command. If this option is set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates depending on its encoding settings. Enabling this option can save a lot of bandwidth at the expense of quality. Adaptive encodings are enabled by default. An adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently updated screen regions, and send updates in these regions using a lossy encoding like JPEG. This can be really helpful to save bandwidth when playing videos. Disabling adaptive encodings restores the original static behavior of encodings like Tight. As suggested by the rfb spec this is implemented by dropping other connections. Connecting multiple clients in parallel requires all clients asking for a shared session vncviewer: -shared switch. This is the default. Keyboards are low-bandwidth devices, so this slowdown can help the device and guest to keep up and not lose events in case events are arriving in bulk. Possible causes for the latter are flaky network connections, or scripts for automated testing. After Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option this option slows down the IDE transfers. May be needed to boot from old floppy disks. Use it if your guest OS complains about ACPI problems PC target machine only. FACP , in order to ensure the field matches required by the Microsoft SLIC spec and the ACPI spec. The host backend options are the same as with the corresponding -netdev options below. If neither is specified both protocols are enabled. Optionally specify the netmask, either in the form a. Default is the 2nd IP in the guest network, i. The network prefix is given in the usual hexadecimal IPv6 address notation. The prefix size is optional, and is given as the number of valid top-most bits default is 64. Default is the 2nd IPv6 in the guest network, i. This option does not affect any explicitly set forwarding rules. Default is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network, i. The address must be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest network, i. The address must be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest network, i. More than one domain suffix can be transmitted by specifying this option multiple times. If supported, this will cause the guest to automatically try to append the given domain suffix es in case a domain name can not be resolved. The files in dir will be exposed as the root of a TFTP server. The TFTP client on the guest must be configured in binary mode use the command bin of the Unix TFTP client. In conjunction with tftp, this can be used to network boot a guest from a local directory. Example using pxelinux : qemu-system-i386 -hda linux. The IP address of the SMB server can be set to addr. By default the 4th IP in the guest network is used, i. In the guest Windows OS, the line: 10. Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS. If guestaddr is not specified, its value is x. By specifying hostaddr, the rule can be bound to a specific host interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is used. This option can be given multiple times. This option can be given multiple times. Mixing them with the new configuration syntax gives undefined results. Their use for new applications is discouraged as they will be removed from future versions. Use the network script file to configure it and the network script dfile to deconfigure it. If name is not provided, the OS automatically provides one. If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper helper to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the bridge. Examples: launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to connect a TAP device to bridge br0 qemu-system-i386 linux. Use the network helper helper to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the bridge. Examples: launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0 qemu-system-i386 linux. If listen is specified, QEMU waits for incoming connections on port host is optional. Example: launch a first QEMU instance qemu-system-i386 linux. Example: launch one QEMU instance qemu-system-i386 linux. L2TPv3 RFC3391 is a popular protocol to transport Ethernet and other Layer 2 data frames between two systems. It is present in routers, firewalls and the Linux kernel from version 3. This transport allows a VM to communicate to another VM, router or firewall directly. Their function is mostly to prevent misconfiguration. By default they are 32 bit. This may also help on networks which have packet reorder. Use GROUP groupname and MODE octalmode to change default ownership and permissions for communication port. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with vde support enabled. The chardev should be a unix domain socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a specifically defined protocol to pass vhost ioctl replacement messages to an application on the other end of the socket. On non-MSIX guests, the feature can be forced with vhostforce. The hubport netdev lets you connect a NIC to a QEMU emulated hub instead of a single netdev. The NIC is an e1000 by default on the PC target. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to mac, the device address set to addr PCI cards only , and a name can be assigned for use in monitor commands. If no -net option is specified, a single NIC is created. QEMU can emulate several different models of network card. Use name to specify the name of the hub port. The specific backend will determine the applicable options. Use -chardev help to print all available chardev backend types. All devices must have an id, which can be any string up to 127 characters long. It is used to uniquely identify this device in other command line directives. A character device may be used in multiplexing mode by multiple front-ends. Up to four different front ends can be connected to a single multiplexed chardev. Without multiplexing enabled, a chardev can only be used by a single front end. Note that some other command line options may implicitly create multiplexed character backends; for instance -serial mon:stdio creates a multiplexed stdio backend connected to the serial port and the QEMU monitor, and -nographic also multiplexes the console and the monitor to stdio. There is currently no support for multiplexing in the other direction where a single QEMU front end takes input and output from multiple chardevs. Every backend supports the logfile option, which supplies the path to a file to record all data transmitted via the backend. The logappend option controls whether the log file will be truncated or appended to when opened. This device will not emit any data, and will drop any data it receives. The null backend does not take any options. A unix socket will be created if path is specified. Behaviour is undefined if TCP options are specified for a unix socket. Zero disables reconnecting, and is the default. The credentials must be previously created with the -object tls-creds argument. For a connecting socket species the remote host to connect to. If not specified it defaults to 0. For a connecting socket specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. If it is specified, and port cannot be bound, QEMU will attempt to bind to subsequent ports up to and including to until it succeeds. If neither is specified the socket may use either protocol. If not specified it defaults to localhost. If not specified it defaults to 0. If not specified any available local port will be used. If neither is specified the device may use either protocol. This file will be created if it does not already exist, and overwritten if it does. On other hosts, 2 pipes will be created called path. Data written to path. Data written by the guest can be read from path. QEMU will not create these fifos, and requires them to be present. On Unix hosts serial will actually accept any tty device, not only serial lines. It is an alias for serial. Connect to a local parallel port. The Transport Layer is decided by the machine type. Currently the machines n800 and n810 have one HCI and all other machines have none. The following three types are recognized: -bt hci,null default The corresponding Bluetooth HCI assumes no internal logic and will not respond to any HCI commands or emit events. Only available on bluez capable systems like Linux. Similarly to -net VLANs, devices inside a bluetooth network n can only communicate with other devices in the same network scatternet. This allows the host and target machines to participate in a common scatternet and communicate. Requires the Linux vhci driver installed. QEMU can only emulate one type of bluetooth devices currently: keyboard Virtual wireless keyboard implementing the HIDP bluetooth profile. The -tpmdev option creates the TPM backend and requires a -device option that specifies the TPM frontend interface model. Use -tpmdev help to print all available TPM backend types. It can be useful for easier testing of various kernels. The kernel can be either a Linux kernel or in multiboot format. To insert contents with embedded NUL characters, you have to use the file parameter. The default device is vc in graphical mode and stdio in non graphical mode. This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serial ports. Use -serial none to disable all serial ports. The host serial port parameters are set according to the emulated ones. Currently SPP and EPP parallel port features can be used. No character can be read. If you just want a simple readonly console you can use netcat or nc, by starting QEMU with: -serial udp::4555 and nc as: nc -u -l -p 4555. Any time QEMU writes something to that port it will appear in the netconsole session. If you plan to send characters back via netconsole or you want to stop and start QEMU a lot of times, you should have QEMU use the same source port each time by using something like -serial udp::4555 :4556 to QEMU. Another approach is to use a patched version of netcat which can listen to a TCP port and send and receive characters via udp. If you have a patched version of netcat which activates telnet remote echo and single char transfer, then you can use the following options to set up a netcat redirector to allow telnet on port 5555 to access the QEMU port. QEMU Options: -serial udp::4555 :4556 netcat options: -u -P 4555 -L 0. By default the TCP Net Console is sent to host at the port. If you use the server option QEMU will wait for a client socket application to connect to the port before continuing, unless the nowait option was specified. The nodelay option disables the Nagle buffering algorithm. The reconnect option only applies if noserver is set, if the connection goes down it will attempt to reconnect at the given interval. If host is omitted, 0. Only one TCP connection at a time is accepted. You can use telnet to connect to the corresponding character device. Example to send tcp console to 192. The options work the same as if you had specified -serial tcp. The difference is that the port acts like a telnet server or client using telnet option negotiation. The option works the same as if you had specified -serial tcp except the unix domain socket path is used for connections. The monitor is accessed with key sequence of Control-a and then pressing c. An example to multiplex the monitor onto a telnet server listening on port 4444 would be: -serial mon:telnet::4444,server,nowait When the monitor is multiplexed to stdio in this way, Ctrl+C will not terminate QEMU any more but will be passed to the guest instead. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real or fake device. Configure the guest to use Microsoft protocol. This option can be used several times to simulate up to 3 parallel ports. Use -parallel none to disable all parallel ports. The default device is vc in graphical mode and stdio in non graphical mode. Use -monitor none to disable the default monitor. The default device is vc in graphical mode and stdio in non graphical mode. It is useful if you launch QEMU from a script. Typical connections will likely be TCP-based, but also UDP, pseudo TTY, or even stdio are reasonable use case. The latter is allowing to start QEMU from within gdb and establish the connection via a pipe: gdb target remote exec qemu-system-i386 -gdb stdio... The filter spec can be either start+ size, start- size or start.. For example: -dfilter 0x8000.. To list all the data directories, use -L help. This option is only available if KVM support is enabled when compiling. This option is only available if HAX support is enabled when compiling. HAX is only applicable to MAC and Windows platform, and thus does not conflict with KVM. Warning: should not be used when xend is in use XEN only. Restrict set of available xen operations to specified domain id XEN only. This allows for instance switching to monitor to commit changes to the disk image. QEMU will not detach from standard IO until it is ready to receive connections on any of its devices. This option is a useful way for external programs to launch QEMU without having to cope with initialization race conditions. This option is useful to load things like EtherBoot. To start at a specific point in time, provide date in the format 2006-06-17T16:01:21 or 2006-06-17. The default base is UTC. By default the RTC is driven by the host system time. This allows using of the RTC as accurate reference clock inside the guest, specifically if the host time is smoothly following an accurate external reference clock, e. If you want to isolate the guest time from the host, you can set clock to rt instead. To even prevent it from progressing during suspension, you can set it to vm. This option will try to figure out how many timer interrupts were not processed by the Windows guest and will re-inject them. If auto is specified then the virtual cpu speed will be automatically adjusted to keep virtual time within a few seconds of real time. This behavior give deterministic execution times from the guest point of view. Note that while this option can give deterministic behavior, it does not provide cycle accurate emulation. Modern CPUs contain superscalar out of order cores with complex cache hierarchies. The number of instructions executed often has little or no correlation with actual performance. The goal is to have a guest running at the real frequency imposed by the shift option. Currently this option does not work when shift is auto. Note: The sync algorithm will work for those shift values for which the guest clock runs ahead of the host clock. Typically this happens when the shift value is high how high depends on the host machine. Replay log is written into filename file in record mode and read from this file in replay mode. Option rrsnapshot is used to create new vm snapshot named snapshot at the start of execution recording. In replay mode this option is used to load the initial VM state. Once enabled by a guest action , the watchdog must be periodically polled by an agent inside the guest or else the guest will be restarted. Choose a model for which your guest has drivers. The model is the model of hardware watchdog to emulate. Use -watchdog help to list available hardware models. Only one watchdog can be enabled for a guest. The following models may be available: ib700 iBASE 700 is a very simple ISA watchdog with a single timer. The default is reset forcefully reset the guest. Other possible actions are: shutdown attempt to gracefully shutdown the guest , poweroff forcefully poweroff the guest , inject-nmi inject a NMI into the guest , pause pause the guest , debug print a debug message and continue , or none do nothing. Note that the shutdown action requires that the guest responds to ACPI signals, which it may not be able to do in the sort of situations where the watchdog would have expired, and thus -watchdog-action shutdown is not recommended for production use. The default is 0x01 when using the -nographic option. You can select a different character from the ascii control keys where 1 through 26 map to Control-a through Control-z. For instance you could use the either of the following to change the escape character to Control-t. This option is deprecated, please use -device virtconsole instead. Devices will not be allowed to enter an unmigratable state. Normally, QEMU sets the default devices like serial port, parallel port, virtual console, monitor device, VGA adapter, floppy and CD-ROM drive and others. The -nodefaults option will disable all those default devices. Especially useful in combination with -runas. This option is not supported for Windows hosts. The default is auto, which means gdb during debug sessions and native otherwise. Allows the user to pass input arguments, and can be used multiple times to build up a list. The file can be either filename to save command line and device configuration into file or dash - character to print the output to stdout. This can be later used as input file for -readconfig option. The file must contain one event name as listed in the trace-events-all file per line; globbing patterns are accepted too. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the simple, log or ftrace tracing backend. To specify multiple events or patterns, specify the -trace option multiple times. Use -trace help to print a list of names of trace points. The file must contain one event name as listed in the trace-events-all file per line; globbing patterns are accepted too. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the simple, log or ftrace tracing backend. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the simple tracing backend. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this memory region when configuring the -numa argument. The size option provides the size of the memory region, and accepts common suffixes, eg 500M. The mem-path provides the path to either a shared memory or huge page filesystem mount. The share boolean option determines whether the memory region is marked as private to QEMU, or shared. The latter allows a co-operating external process to access the QEMU memory region. The share is also required for pvrdma devices due to limitations in the RDMA API provided by Linux. Setting the discard-data boolean option to on indicates that file contents can be destroyed when QEMU exits, to avoid unnecessarily flushing data to the backing file. Note that discard-data is only an optimization, and QEMU might not discard file contents if it aborts unexpectedly or is terminated using SIGKILL. Setting the dump boolean option to off excludes the memory from core dumps. The prealloc boolean option enables memory preallocation. The host-nodes option binds the memory range to a list of NUMA host nodes. The policy option sets the NUMA policy to one of the following values: default default host policy preferred prefer the given host node list for allocation bind restrict memory allocation to the given host node list interleave interleave memory allocations across the given host node list The align option specifies the base address alignment when QEMU mmap 2 mem-path, and accepts common suffixes, eg 2M. In such cases, users can specify the required alignment via this option. Memory backend objects offer more control than the -m option that is traditionally used to define guest RAM. Please refer to memory-backend-file for a description of the options. The memory is allocated with memfd and optional sealing. The hugetlb option specify the file to be created resides in the hugetlbfs filesystem since Linux 4. Used in conjunction with the hugetlb option, the hugetlbsize option specify the hugetlb page size on systems that support multiple hugetlb page sizes it must be a power of 2 value supported by the system. In some versions of Linux, the hugetlb option is incompatible with the seal option requires at least Linux 4. Please refer to memory-backend-file for a description of the other options. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this entropy backend from the virtio-rng device. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this entropy backend from the virtio-rng device. The chardev parameter is the unique ID of a character device backend that provides the connection to the RNG daemon. The id parameter is a unique ID which network backends will use to access the credentials. The endpoint is either server or client depending on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the credentials will be acting as a client or as a server. If verify-peer is enabled the default then once the handshake is completed, the peer credentials will be verified, though this is a no-op for anonymous credentials. The dir parameter tells QEMU where to find the credential files. For server endpoints, this directory may contain a file dh-params. If the file is missing, QEMU will generate a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a computationally expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it is recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated upfront and saved. The id parameter is a unique ID which network backends will use to access the credentials. The endpoint is either server or client depending on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the credentials will be acting as a client or as a server. If verify-peer is enabled the default then once the handshake is completed, the peer credentials will be verified. With x509 certificates, this implies that the clients must be provided with valid client certificates too. The dir parameter tells QEMU where to find the credential files. For server endpoints, this directory may contain a file dh-params. If the file is missing, QEMU will generate a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a computationally expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it is recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated upfront and saved. For x509 certificate credentials the directory will contain further files providing the x509 certificates. The certificates must be stored in PEM format, in filenames ca-cert. This provides the ID of a previously created secret object containing the password for decryption. The priority parameter allows to override the global default priority used by gnutls. This can be useful if the system administrator needs to use a weaker set of crypto priorities for QEMU without potentially forcing the weakness onto all applications. Or conversely if one wants wants a stronger default for QEMU than for all other applications, they can do this through this parameter. Its format is a gnutls priority string as described at. Interval is in microseconds. Create a filter-redirector we need to differ outdev id from indev id, id can not be the same. It will rewrite tcp packet to secondary from primary to keep secondary tcp connection,and rewrite tcp packet to primary from secondary make tcp packet can be handled by client. At most len bytes 64k by default per packet are stored. The file format is libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump or Wireshark. If the packets are same, we will output primary packet to outdev chardevid, else we will notify colo-frame do checkpoint and send primary packet to outdev chardevid. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this cryptodev backend from the virtio-crypto device. The queues parameter is optional, which specify the queue number of cryptodev backend, the default of queues is 1. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this cryptodev backend from the virtio-crypto device. The chardev should be a unix domain socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a specifically defined protocol to pass vhost ioctl replacement messages to an application on the other end of the socket. The queues parameter is optional, which specify the queue number of cryptodev backend for multiqueue vhost-user, the default of queues is 1. The sensitive data can either be passed directly via the data parameter, or indirectly via the file parameter. Using the data parameter is insecure unless the sensitive data is encrypted. The sensitive data can be provided in raw format the default , or base64. When encoded as JSON, the raw format only supports valid UTF-8 characters, so base64 is recommended for sending binary data. QEMU will convert from which ever format is provided to the format it needs internally. For added protection, it is possible to encrypt the data associated with a secret using the AES-256-CBC cipher. Use of encryption is indicated by providing the keyid and iv parameters. The keyid parameter provides the ID of a previously defined secret that contains the AES-256 decryption key. This key should be 32-bytes long and be base64 encoded. The iv parameter provides the random initialization vector used for encryption of this particular secret and should be a base64 encrypted string of the 16-byte IV. To illustrate usage, consider the openssl command line tool which can encrypt the data. When memory encryption is enabled, one of the physical address bit aka the C-bit is utilized to mark if a memory page is protected. The cbitpos is used to provide the C-bit position. The C-bit position is Host family dependent hence user must provide this value. On EPYC, the value should be 47. When memory encryption is enabled, we loose certain bits in physical address space. The reduced-phys-bits is used to provide the number of bits we loose in physical address space. Similar to C-bit, the value is Host family dependent. On EPYC, the value should be 5. The sev-device provides the device file to use for communicating with the SEV firmware running inside AMD Secure Processor. The policy provides the guest policy to be enforced by the SEV firmware and restrict what configuration and operational commands can be performed on this guest by the hypervisor. The policy should be provided by the guest owner and is bound to the guest and cannot be changed throughout the lifetime of the guest. The default is 0. If guest policy allows sharing the key with another SEV guest then handle can be use to provide handle of the guest from which to share the key. The PDH and session parameters are used for establishing a cryptographic session with the guest owner to negotiate keys used for attestation. The file must be encoded in base64. These are specified using a special URL syntax. Both disk and cdrom images are supported. Since version Qemu 2. The timeout is specified in seconds. The default is 0 which means no timeout. Other authentication methods may be supported in future. Sheepdog Sheepdog is a distributed storage system for QEMU. QEMU supports using either local sheepdog devices or remote networked devices. The following options are also supported: url The full URL when passing options to the driver explicitly. If it does not have a suffix, it will be assumed to be in bytes. The value must be a multiple of 512 bytes. It defaults to 256k. Only supported when using protocols such as HTTP which support cookies, otherwise ignored. This timeout is the time that CURL waits for a response from the remote server to get the size of the image to be downloaded. If not set, the default timeout of 5 seconds is used. Note that when passing options to qemu explicitly, driver is the value of. Standard console mappings are: 1 Target system display 2 Monitor 3 Serial port Ctrl-Alt Toggle mouse and keyboard grab. In the virtual consoles, you can use Ctrl-Up, Ctrl-Down, Ctrl-PageUp and Ctrl-PageDown to move in the back log. These key sequences all start with an escape character, which is Ctrl-a by default, but can be changed with -echr. Ctrl-a h Print this help Ctrl-a x Exit emulator Ctrl-a s Save disk data back to file if -snapshot Ctrl-a t Toggle console timestamps Ctrl-a b Send break magic sysrq in Linux Ctrl-a c Rotate between the frontends connected to the multiplexer usually this switches between the monitor and the console Ctrl-a Ctrl-a Send the escape character to the frontend 2. If the backing file is smaller than the snapshot, then the backing file will be resized to be the same size as the snapshot. If the snapshot is smaller than the backing file, the backing file will not be truncated. If you want the backing file to match the size of the smaller snapshot, you can safely truncate it yourself once the commit operation successfully completes. Usually requires guest action to see the updated size. Resize to a lower size is supported, but should be used with extreme caution. Note that this command only resizes image files, it can not resize block devices like LVM volumes. For mirroring, this will switch the device to the destination path. The result is that guest generated IO is no longer submitted against the host device underlying the disk. It accepts the following values: retain Retains the current status; this is the default. The valid syntax for display and options are described at. If no argument is given, the status of the trace file is displayed. If tag is provided, it is used as human readable identifier. If there is already a snapshot with the same tag or ID, it is replaced. If called with option off, the emulation returns to normal mode. On x86, h or w can be specified with the i format to respectively select 16 or 32 bit code instruction size. Only the format part of fmt is used. Use - to press several keys simultaneously. Example: sendkey ctrl-alt-f1 This command is useful to send keys that your graphical user interface intercepts at low level, such as ctrl-alt-f1 in X Window. Those values will override the values specified on the command line through the -boot option. The values that can be specified here depend on the machine type, but are the same that can be specified in the -boot command line option. Bug: can screw up when the buffer contains invalid UTF-8 sequences, NUL characters, after the ring buffer lost data, and when reading stops because the size limit is reached. Currently it only supports postcopy. Ignored after the end of migration or once already in postcopy. This makes the server ask the client to automatically reconnect using the new parameters once migration finished successfully. Only implemented for SPICE. The file can be processed with crash or gdb. Without -z -l -s, the dump format is ELF. There are currently two named access control lists, vnc. The default policy at startup is always deny. The match will normally be an exact username or x509 distinguished name, but can optionally include wildcard globs. COM to allow all users in the EXAMPLE. The match will normally be appended to the end of the ACL, but can be inserted earlier in the list if the optional index parameter is supplied. The -w option makes the exported device writable too. The export name is controlled by name, defaulting to device. The -f option forces the server to drop the export immediately even if clients are connected; otherwise the command fails unless there are no clients. This is only needed if the file descriptor was never used by another monitor command. Use zero to make the password stay valid forever. You can add an M suffix to give the size in megabytes and a G suffix for gigabytes. See for more information. You can however force the write back to the raw disk images by using the commit monitor command or C-a s in the serial console. In order to use VM snapshots, you must have at least one non removable and writable block device using the qcow2 disk image format. Normally this device is the first virtual hard drive. Use the monitor command savevm to create a new VM snapshot or replace an existing one. A human readable name can be assigned to each snapshot in addition to its numerical ID. Use loadvm to restore a VM snapshot and delvm to remove a VM snapshot. The VM state info is stored in the first qcow2 non removable and writable block device. The disk image snapshots are stored in every disk image. The size of a snapshot in a disk image is difficult to evaluate and is not shown by info snapshots because the associated disk sectors are shared among all the snapshots to save disk space otherwise each snapshot would need a full copy of all the disk images. When using the unrelated -snapshot option , you can always make VM snapshots, but they are deleted as soon as you exit QEMU. It can handle all image formats supported by QEMU. Warning: Never use qemu-img to modify images in use by a running virtual machine or any other process; this may destroy the image. Also, be aware that querying an image that is being modified by another process may encounter inconsistent state. The file must contain one event name as listed in the trace-events-all file per line; globbing patterns are accepted too. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the simple, log or ftrace tracing backend. To specify multiple events or patterns, specify the -trace option multiple times. Use -trace help to print a list of names of trace points. The file must contain one event name as listed in the trace-events-all file per line; globbing patterns are accepted too. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the simple, log or ftrace tracing backend. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the simple tracing backend. It is guessed automatically in most cases. See below for a description of the supported disk formats. Optional suffixes k or K kilobyte, 1024 M megabyte, 1024k and G gigabyte, 1024M and T terabyte, 1024G are supported. See the qemu 1 manual page for a description of the object properties. This parameter is mutually exclusive with the -f parameter. This parameter is mutually exclusive with the -O parameters. It is currently required to also use the -n parameter to skip image creation. This restriction may be relaxed in a future release. Note that this could produce inconsistent results because of concurrent metadata changes, etc. This option is only allowed when opening images in read-only mode. Refer below for further description. If the -p option is not used for a command that supports it, the progress is reported when the process receives a SIGUSR1 or SIGINFO signal. This value is rounded down to the nearest 512 bytes. You may use the common size suffixes like k for kilobytes. Parameters to snapshot subcommand: snapshot is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete -a applies a snapshot revert disk to saved state -c creates a snapshot -d deletes a snapshot -l lists all snapshots in the given image Parameters to compare subcommand: -f First image format -F Second image format -s Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation Parameters to convert subcommand: -n Skip the creation of the target volume -m Number of parallel coroutines for the convert process -W Allow out-of-order writes to the destination. This option improves performance, but is only recommended for preallocated devices like host devices or other raw block devices. If -w is specified, a write test is performed, otherwise a read test is performed. If additionally --no-drain is specified, a flush is issued without draining the request queue first. If -n is specified, the native AIO backend is used if possible. On Linux, this option only works if -t none or -t directsync is specified as well. For write tests, by default a buffer filled with zeros is written. This can be overridden with a pattern byte specified by pattern. The command can output in the format ofmt which is either human or json. If -r is specified, qemu-img tries to repair any inconsistencies found during the check. Only the formats qcow2, qed and vdi support consistency checks. In case the image does not have any inconsistencies, check exits with 0. Other exit codes indicate the kind of inconsistency found or if another error occurred. The following table summarizes all exit codes of the check subcommand: 0 Check completed, the image is now consistent 1 Check not completed because of internal errors 2 Check completed, image is corrupted 3 Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is not corrupted 63 Checks are not supported by the image format If -r is specified, exit codes representing the image state refer to the state after the attempt at repairing it. That is, a successful -r all will yield the exit code 0, independently of the image state before. Depending on the file format, you can add one or more options that enable additional features of this format. No size needs to be specified in this case. If a relative path name is given, the backing file is looked up relative to the directory containing filename. Note that a given backing file will be opened to check that it is valid. Use the -u option to enable unsafe backing file mode, which means that the image will be created even if the associated ba

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